Physical nature of the welding process
Release time:
2023-08-25
The material of the welded workpiece (the same or different) is heated or pressurized or both, and with or without filling material, so that the material of the workpiece reaches the combination of atoms and forms a permanent connection. Not only a permanent joint is formed macroscopically, but also an intrinsic connection on the tissue is established microscopically.
For metals, the welding metals are combined by metal bonds, and the binding force is determined by the combined effect of attraction and repulsion between the two. When the distance between atoms is rAWhen the binding force is maximum. For most metals, rA≈ 0.3~0.5nm, when the distance between atoms is greater or less than rAThe binding force is significantly reduced. Theoretically, it is when two welded solid metal surfaces are close to r apart.AAt the same time, physical and chemical processes such as diffusion and recrystallization can be carried out on the contact surface to form metal bonds and achieve the purpose of welding. However, it is only a theoretical condition. In fact, even if the surface is finely processed, there will be unevenness in the micro, not to mention that the surface of the general metal often has an adsorption layer such as oxide film, oil and moisture. Thus, the close contact of the metal surfaces is hindered.
In the welding process, the measures of applying pressure (destroying the oxide film on the contact surface and increasing the contact area) and heating (destroying the oxide film, reducing the resistance of metal deformation, promoting diffusion, chemical reaction, crystallization/recrystallization) are generally taken to overcome the various factors that hinder the close contact of the metal surface.
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